Tricky Business

Often referred to as ‘Artistic Pool,’ Trick shots have become much more popular over the last few years. This entertaining and demanding discipline of pool can be categorised into two types, The first of these are Setup shots, in which the balls are set up in a specific formation to steer them towards the pocket. Volunteers from the audience are often selected to try these shots as they are difficult to miss. The second type is the skill shot. These require a good stroke with the que hitting the target ball in the precise place needed to cause the ball to ‘whirl’ around the table. Some Advanced skill shots include Jumps and Masses, where the ‘que’ or white ball, curves on its own.

In a Competition setting these Shots are broken up into 8 categories; These are Trick and Fancy which consist of Setup shots, and example of one fancy shot is having several balls set up so all balls go into different pockets with one stroke of the que.

The second Competition category is Prop, Novelty or Special, These shots are the least likely to come up in a regular game of pool as they often require use of the Rack as a prop or hitting a moving ball or shooting one handed or speed shots which involve hitting several balls within an allotted time.

The Draw and Follow shot requires precise angling in order to hit the que ball in an exact place so it travels in a prescribed way. For example back toward the competitor or continuing along the path it is taking rather than rebounding off any other components on the table.

This is done by causing the ball to either topspin or backspin. The Bank and Kick requires the ‘object ball’, the ball the que or white ball hits, or the que ball itself to hit the rail a prescribed number of times before entering the pocket. The Stroke requires technique as well as control, as in these shots the balls are often very close together possibly even touching. Jump shots are when the que ball leaves the table to avoid an obstacle. The final competition category is Masse. When the ball has so much spin it deviated from the expected line of play without hitting any obstacles.

There are many different champions giving hints tips and demonstrations on the internet.

A Most Unserious Race

The Gumball 3000 is more media spectacle than athletic competition, with celebrities and wannabes with more money than sense touring the country in expensive toys better suited as side-show attractions than in professional sport. That being said, I can only imagine the thrill, the rush these contestants and their die-hard followers must get from the event.

The rally is – I won’t say grueling – three thousand mile international road race where winning is merely a coincidence; being there is the prize.

First founded in 1999 by English entrepreneur Maximillion Cooper, The event is reminiscent of the ‘80s movie ‘Cannonball Run’, but there’s no pot of gold at the end of this rainbow; the prize is the attention, the true motivation is anyone’s guess. It draws the attention of many of the ‘beautiful people’; what we used to call the jet set – in my mind’s eye I can see a marvelously tanned George Hamilton, his gleaming smile and his silken scarf whipping in the wind over the back of his Bugatti.

Mostly run in Europe, the race has run all over the world, including a visit to North Korea in 2008. This year, the thirteenth annual Gumball 3000 was held May 25th to the 31st on the North American continent, primarily coast-to-coast through the United States, with a brief jaunt near the beginning into Canada to Toronto. The maximum 120-driver field took the green flag in Times Square at noon, and the checkered flag on Hollywood Boulevard seven days later. To all but a few who won was not important. For most what mattered was to say that you were there, either as a participant or a witness, to what is arguably the most glamorous, glitzy automobile rally on earth. And oh, by the way, the winners were Charles and Kira Morgan, in their 2012 Morgan Threewheeler. As far as I can tell, neither George Hamilton, Burt Reynolds, nor the late, great comedic talent Dom DeLuise attended.

The Essential Digestive Enzymes in the Human Body

Understanding Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
Digestive enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the chemical reactions necessary for breaking down food into absorbable components. Each type of digestive enzyme specializes in decomposing different macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Amylase: The Carbohydrate Converter
Amylase enzymes are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into simple sugars. They are secreted by the salivary glands and the pancreas. Amylase comes in several forms, including alpha-amylase and beta-amylase, which target starch, and glucoamylase, which breaks down maltose. Humans, as monogastric animals, rely heavily on endogenous α-amylase for starch digestion.

Protease: The Protein Processor
Proteases are enzymes that digest proteins by breaking down peptide bonds. They are secreted in the stomach and pancreas and are essential for the absorption of amino acids. Proteases include various subclasses, such as serine endoproteases and metalloproteases, each targeting specific peptide bonds. For instance, trypsin specifically hydrolyzes the bonds of lysine or arginine residues. A deficiency in any protease can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

Lipase: The Fat Fractionator
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids. The primary lipases in the human body are lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase. Pancreatic lipase, secreted into the duodenum, plays a major role in fat digestion, allowing fats to be absorbed through diffusion.

Lactase: The Lactose Liberator
Lactase is vital for digesting lactose, the sugar found in dairy products. People who are lactose intolerant lack sufficient lactase, leading to symptoms like diarrhea and indigestion. Lactase is located at the top of the small intestine’s villi and breaks down lactose into basic monosaccharides for absorption. Insufficient lactase results in lactose fermentation by intestinal bacteria, producing gas, bloating, and discomfort.

Cellulase: The Fiber Facilitator
Cellulase is not produced by the human body but is essential for breaking down dietary fiber, which is categorized as water-soluble or insoluble. Dietary fiber, found in vegetables, fruits, cereals, and beans, helps to absorb water, bind waste, and stimulate intestinal peristalsis, aiding in the elimination of toxins and waste.

The Impact of Digestive Enzymes on Health
The efficiency of digestive enzymes directly affects the body’s ability to utilize nutrients from food. Insufficient enzyme activity can lead to malnutrition, weakened immune response, and various gastrointestinal issues. For example, enzyme deficiencies can result in conditions like lactose intolerance or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, where the pancreas fails to produce enough digestive enzymes.

Interesting Stats and Facts
The human pancreas produces about 1.5 liters of digestive enzymes daily. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Approximately 68% of the world’s population has some degree of lactase deficiency, affecting lactose digestion. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
Enzyme supplementation, particularly for those with chronic pancreatitis, can significantly improve nutrient absorption and quality of life. Pancreapedia
Conclusion
Digestive enzymes are indispensable for proper nutrient absorption and overall health. Understanding the various types of enzymes and their functions can help in managing dietary choices and addressing digestive issues. Ensuring a balanced intake of nutrients and, when necessary, supplementing with digestive enzymes can lead to better health outcomes and an improved quality of life.